Revolutions arise because of different crises, most common being a state’s attempt to modernize and reform. Having a singular message allows revolutionaries to mount an effective attack against the old system. […]
Fang Lizhi urged young people to take their future into their own hands. Already feeling restless, the students held many prodemocracy rallies and demonstrations in China. The party leaders were divided over how to view these events. […]
Rising income disparities and growth of urban inflation were major concerns in China in 1980s. As socio-economic stresses grew stronger, the traditionalists launched an ideological counterattack against capitalism. […]
As China went through the reform era in the 1980s, with people free to express their individualities and the spread of the globalization fever across the country, a new set of social problems took birth. […]
The public unrest that Poland experienced in 1980 rippled through the Communist world, eventually affecting China. The problems of the two countries were strangely similar. […]
When some political activists in China challenged Deng Xiaoping’s views, he was stuck in a dilemma. He either had to give up the free speech he had recently endorsed or tolerate the criticism. […]
In early 1979, the Chinese media talked about the Cultural Revolution’s damage to China. They were after the roots of the problem, but they would get to Mao and the Communist Party if they dug too deep. […]
The Gang of Four was blamed for everything that had gone wrong in China during the Cultural Revolution. Their sudden downfall required a major behavioral adjustment on the part of all Chinese people. […]
Hua Guofeng’s “Four Modernizations” program included the plan to fast-track China’s modernization by constructing 120 major new industrial projects. However, there were flaws in planning and implementation, leading to huge losses. […]
Hua Guofeng helped to bring an end to some of the worst radical excesses of the Maoist era. He introduced educational, cultural and economic policies under the program known as the “Four Modernizations”. […]
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