Diffraction gratings have enabled astronomers to study light spectrum with greater precision. Previously, a prism was used in its place. Though effective, a prism worked slightly differently whenever used. Therefore, no consistent, reproducible results could be achieved. […]
The spine is a series of stacked bones, linked by the many joints and ligaments. The true back muscles move aspects of the spine and skull. They also help stabilize the spine. […]
The true back muscles are divided into four major subdivisions: the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis muscles, the erector spinae muscles, the transversospinalis and the segmental complex. […]
There are five superficial or appendicular back muscles: the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, rhomboid minor, and levator scapulae. They are muscles of the upper limb that happen to ‘live’ on the back. […]
In the Large Hadron Collider, or LHC, scientists smashed together beams of protons and looked for the Higgs boson. On July 4, 2012, they announced that that Higgs boson had been finally found. […]
With the discovery of W and Z bosons, much of electroweak theory had been confirmed. In 1991, the CERN laboratory turned on a much bigger accelerator, called LEP, to look for Higgs boson. […]
The source of our Sun’s energy is fusion. It is a process where two protons fuse together into what is called a deuterium nucleus, which is a proton and a neutron. And yet, it isn’t only one but fusion of all of the elements, up to iron, can occur. […]
Modern electroweak theory predicted that there should be a massless photon, a massive neutral particle called Z boson, two massive electrically charged particles called W bosons, and a massive and neutral particle called Higgs boson. […]
Electromagnetism and weak nuclear force were unified into a combined force called the electroweak force. The electroweak unification predicted four particles that carried the electroweak force and had zero mass. […]
The mass of a star helps us understand its properties such as internal pressure and gravitational pull. By observing and calculating the orbital size of eclipsing binaries, the mass of a star can be determined. […]
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